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3. Epistemic Claim Badges
[✓] OBSERVED direct measurement • [~] ASSOCIATION statistical correlation • [⚡] CAUSAL tested mechanism • [⚙] MODELLED projection. Click any [CLM-001] link to jump to its exact page/table in the Evidence tab.
Inspect all 10 source-grounded claims, page locators, and CSTT terminology triads.
PROVENANCE LEDGER & ORIGINAL PEER-REVIEWED SOURCE (2008)
📅 PUBLISHED IN 2008📘 Final Technical Report, Envirosearch / Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India
Original Scientific Paper: "Man-Elephant Conflict in Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts of Maharashtra, India: Case Study of a State Coming to Terms with Presence of Wild Elephants"
Authors: Jayant Kulkarni, Dr. Prachi Mehta, Umesh Hiremath
Full Citation: Kulkarni, J., Mehta, P., & Hiremath, U. (2008). Man-Elephant Conflict in Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts of Maharashtra, India; Case Study of a State Coming to Terms with Presence of Wild Elephants. Final Technical Report. Envirosearch, Pune.
Standardized scientific terminology triads mapped to official pedagogy and technical terminology specifically tailored for "Man-Elephant Conflict in Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts of Maharashtra, India: Case Study of a State Coming to Terms with Presence of Wild Elephants" (2008).
Each claim is an atomic source-grounded assertion with its recorded locator.
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-001 • observed in study
"Between 2002 and 2007, a total of 4,225 crop damage compensation cases were registered across Sindhudurg (2,675 cases) and Kolhapur (1,550 cases) districts following elephant dispersal into southern Maharashtra."
Source Anchor: Executive Summary & Chapter 3, p. iii, 10-11
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-002 • observed in study
"Wild Asian elephants naturally dispersed from Belgaum, Karnataka into Sindhudurg in 2002 and Kolhapur in 2004, establishing a permanent resident herd of 6 individuals in Maharashtra."
Source Anchor: Executive Summary & Chapter 2, p. ii, 8-9, 28
[≈] [ASSOCIATION]
CLM-003 • estimated association
"By 2006, dispersing elephants utilized an estimated annual home range of approximately 720 square kilometres in Sindhudurg and 690 square kilometres in Kolhapur district."
Source Anchor: Executive Summary & Chapter 5, p. iv, 32
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-004 • observed in study
"Crop depredations in Sindhudurg were heavily concentrated on valuable cash and plantation crops, including coconut (30%), paddy (28%), banana (15%), and betel nut (13%), driving an average ex-gratia compensation of 12,501 rupees per incident."
Source Anchor: Chapters 3 & 4, p. 11, 15, 21-22
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-005 • observed in study
"In Kolhapur district, elephant crop raids were overwhelmingly dominated by commercial sugarcane (57%) and paddy (7%), yielding a lower average ex-gratia compensation of 3,169 rupees per incident due to statutory payment caps."
Source Anchor: Chapters 3 & 4, p. 11, 15-16, 21-22
[i] [CONTEXT]
CLM-006 • editorial context
"Ex-gratia compensation records did not record unfiled minor damages from subsistence homesteads, nor did the investigation evaluate cross-border telemetry without bilateral Karnataka-Maharashtra interstate GPS tracking protocols."
Source Anchor: Chapter 4 - Basis for Analysis & Methodology, p. 6, 14
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-007 • observed in study
"Encounters between elephants and villagers caused 10 human deaths (5 in Sindhudurg, 5 in Kolhapur) and 11 injuries between 2002 and 2008, provoking intense public anxiety and political unrest."
Source Anchor: Chapter 3 - Table 3.2, p. 12, 45-48
[↗] [MODELLED]
CLM-008 • modelled result
"A forest department proposal to enclose elephants within a proposed sanctuary around the Tilari reservoir was assessed as structurally unviable, offering only 40 to 50 square kilometres of non-steep usable terrain."
Source Anchor: Executive Summary & Chapter 12, p. vi, 88-90
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-009 • observed in study
"In November 2004, the Maharashtra Forest Department executed Operation Elephant Back to Home in Dodamarg, successfully herding 14 to 16 elephants across the interstate border back into Karnataka."
Source Anchor: Executive Summary & Chapter 5, p. v, 25-26
[✓] [OBSERVED]
CLM-010 • observed in study
"Cumulative ex-gratia compensation payments disbursed by the Maharashtra Government exceeded 3.83 crore rupees between 2003 and 2007, with Sindhudurg accounting for 3.34 crore rupees."